SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Benjamin Lay</title>

</head>

Benjamin Lay

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Benjamin Lay</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">1750 portrait of Lay by <a href="William_Williams_(artist)" title="William Williams (artist)">William Williams</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">January 26, 1682 <a href="Copford" title="Copford">Copford</a>, <a href="Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">February 8, 1759(1759-02-08) (aged 77) <a href="Abington_Township%2C_Montgomery_County%2C_Pennsylvania" title="Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Abington</a>, <a href="Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Sailor, merchant, and farmer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1298804929">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="Sarah_Smith_Lay" title="Sarah Smith Lay">Sarah Smith Lay</a></div>

<a href="List_of_Pennsylvania_state_historical_markers" title="List of Pennsylvania state historical markers">Pennsylvania Historical Marker</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Benjamin Lay (1682–1759)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">September 22, 2018</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2">

</th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr></tbody></table>

Benjamin Lay (January 26, 1682 – February 8, 1759) was an English-born writer, farmer and activist. Born in <a href="Copford" title="Copford">Copford</a>, <a href="Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> into a <a href="Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> family, he underwent an <a href="Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a> as a <a href="Glove" title="Glove">glovemaker</a> before running away to London and finding work as a sailor. In 1718, Lay moved to the British colony of <a href="Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, which operated a <a href="Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">plantation economy</a> dependent on <a href="Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">slave labour</a>. While working as a merchant, his shock at the brutal treatment of slaves in Barbados led Lay to develop lifelong <a href="Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionist principles</a>, which were reinforced by his humanitarian ideals and Quaker beliefs.

Lay subsequently moved to the <a href="Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a>, living in <a href="Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> before settling in <a href="Abington_Township%2C_Montgomery_County%2C_Pennsylvania" title="Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Abington</a> with his wife, <a href="Sarah_Smith_Lay" title="Sarah Smith Lay">Sarah Smith Lay</a>, who was also a Quaker and shared his humanitarian and abolitionist beliefs. Operating a small farm, which produced fruit, flax and wool, he refused to consume any product made from slave or animal labour and lived a frugal, vegetarian lifestyle, which continued after Sarah died in 1735. A <a href="Kyphosis" title="Kyphosis">hunchback</a> with a <a href="Pectus_carinatum" title="Pectus carinatum">protruding chest</a>, Lay was roughly four feet tall and referred to himself as "Little Benjamin".

Lay was also a prolific writer, writing books and pamphlets that advocated the abolition of slavery. His 1737 book All Slave-Keepers That Keep the Innocent in Bondage: Apostates was one of the first abolitionist works published in the <a href="Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. Lay developed a hostile relationship with American Quakers, many of whom owned slaves, frequently disrupting their meetings with demonstrations to protest against slavery. Lay died in early 1759, and his anti-slavery views would go on to inspire successive <a href="Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">American abolitionists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

Benjamin Lay was born in 1682 to Quaker parents in <a href="Copford" title="Copford">Copford</a>, near <a href="Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-Rediker2017-3">[3]</a>: 11 After working as a farm labourer and shepherd, later as an apprentice glove-maker, Lay ran away to London and became a sailor at age 21. He later returned to England and had married Sarah Smith by 1718.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

In 1718 Lay moved to <a href="Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> as a merchant. Soon his abolitionist principles, fueled by his Quaker radicalism, made him unpopular with those fellow residents who profited from slavery and human trafficking. In 1731 Lay emigrated to the <a href="Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a>, settling first in <a href="Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> (in what is now the <a href="Olney%2C_Philadelphia" title="Olney, Philadelphia">Olney</a> neighborhood), and later in <a href="Abington_Township%2C_Montgomery_County%2C_Pennsylvania" title="Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Abington</a>. In Abington he was one of the earliest and most zealous opponents of <a href="Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, at a time when Quakers were not yet organized in opposition to slavery.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> On one occasion Lay carried an animal bladder filled with red <a href="Phytolacca_americana" title="Phytolacca americana">pokeberry</a> juice under his coat in order to stage a protest.<a href="#cite_note-Rediker_2017-6">[6]</a>

Lay stood barely four feet (1.2 metres) tall, referring to himself as "Little Benjamin". He was a <a href="Hunchback" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunchback">hunchback</a> with a protruding chest, and his arms were as long as his legs. Lay became a vegetarian after killing a <a href="Groundhog" title="Groundhog">groundhog</a> that had ravaged his garden.<a href="#cite_note-Rediker_114-116-7">[7]</a> He had nailed its body parts to the corners of his garden. He felt remorse over the incident and after reading the works of <a href="Thomas_Tryon" title="Thomas Tryon">Thomas Tryon</a> declared himself a vegetarian and recommended a quiet, rural life based on "harmony and unity" with the world.<a href="#cite_note-Rediker_114-116-7">[7]</a> Lay came to view a divine <a href="Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a> presence of God in all living things; he opposed the <a href="Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> in all instances.<a href="#cite_note-Rediker_114-116-7">[7]</a>

As a vegetarian he ate fruits, honey and vegetables, and drank only <a href="Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> and water.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> He planted apple, peach and walnut trees and managed a large <a href="Apiary" title="Apiary">apiary</a>. Honey was a staple of his diet; he never killed the bees.<a href="#cite_note-Rediker_114-116-7">[7]</a> He also grew potatoes, radishes and squash. His favourite meal was "turnips boiled, and afterwards roasted".<a href="#cite_note-Rediker_114-116-7">[7]</a>

Lay created his own clothes to boycott all commodities produced by the exploitation of others, including animals.<a href="#cite_note-Rediker_2017-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rediker_114-116-7">[7]</a> He refused to use the <a href="Sheep's_wool" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep's wool">wool of sheep</a> and wore only <a href="Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>-made garments.<a href="#cite_note-Rediker_114-116-7">[7]</a> Refusing to participate in what he described in his tracts as a degraded, hypocritical, tyrannical, and even demonic society, Lay was committed to a lifestyle of almost complete self-sustenance after his beloved wife died. Dwelling in the Pennsylvania countryside in a cave with outside entryway attached, Lay farmed fruit trees and spun the flax he grew into clothing for himself. Inside the cave he stowed his library: two hundred books of theology, biography, history and poetry.<a href="#cite_note-Lepore_2008-9">[9]</a>

He published more than 200 pamphlets, most of which were impassioned polemics against various social institutions of the time, particularly slavery, <a href="Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>, the prison system, and the wealthy <a href="Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> Quaker elite.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</h2></div>

He first began advocating for the abolition of slavery when, in Barbados, he saw an enslaved man commit suicide rather than be hit again by his owner. His passionate enmity of slavery was partially fueled by his Quaker beliefs. Lay made several dramatic demonstrations against the practice. He once stood outside a Quaker meeting in winter wearing no coat and at least one foot bare and in the snow. When a passerby expressed concern for his health, he said that slaves were made to work outdoors in winter dressed as he was. On another occasion, he kidnapped the child of slaveholders temporarily, to show them how Africans felt when their relatives were sold overseas.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

In 1738, Lay attended the <a href="Philadelphia_Yearly_Meeting" title="Philadelphia Yearly Meeting">Philadelphia Yearly Meeting</a> of Quakers in <a href="Burlington%2C_New_Jersey" title="Burlington, New Jersey">Burlington, New Jersey</a>. Dressed as a soldier, he delivered a diatribe against slavery, invoking the Bible, saying that all men should be equal under God. He ended by plunging a sword into a <a href="Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> containing a bladder of blood-red <a href="Pokeberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokeberry">pokeberry</a> juice, which spattered over those nearby.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

"Thus shall God shed the blood of those persons who enslave their fellowcreatures," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vrg.org/history/benjamin_franklin.htm">he said</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Friendship_with_Benjamin_Franklin">Friendship with Benjamin Franklin</h2></div>

<a href="Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> had printed Lay's book All Slave Keepers That keep the Innocent in Bondage, Apostates, a polemic against slavery, and sold it for two shillings a copy, twenty shillings a dozen. He regularly visited in Lay's later years, after Lay had become a hermit. Franklin then owned a slave by the name of Joseph and by 1750 he owned two more slaves, Peter and Jemima. Lay pressed him for his justification: "With What Right?" In April 1757, Franklin drafted his new will in which he promised Peter and Jemima that they would be freed after his death.<a href="#cite_note-Lepore_2008-9">[9]</a>

As a gift to her husband, Franklin's wife, <a href="Deborah_Read" title="Deborah Read">Deborah Read</a>, commissioned <a href="William_Williams_(artist)" title="William Williams (artist)">William Williams</a> to paint a portrait of Benjamin Lay (portrayed above). This portrait was known in the 18th century but disappeared until it was sold at auction in 1977 for four dollars, restored by conservators at the <a href="Winterthur_Museum%2C_Garden_and_Library" title="Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library">Winterthur Museum</a> and subsequently sold to the <a href="National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a> in Washington, DC.<a href="#cite_note-Rediker2017-3">[3]</a>: 123–125

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2></div>

Benjamin Lay died in <a href="Abington_Township%2C_Montgomery_County%2C_Pennsylvania" title="Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Abington, Pennsylvania</a>, in 1759. His legacy continued to inspire the abolitionist movement for generations; throughout the early and mid-19th century, it was common for abolitionist Quakers to keep pictures of Lay in their homes. Benjamin Lay was buried in Abington Friends Meeting's burial ground in a grave whose exact location is unknown, but next to the meeting house and adjacent to <a href="Abington_Friends_School" title="Abington Friends School">Abington Friends School</a> in <a href="Jenkintown%2C_Pennsylvania" title="Jenkintown, Pennsylvania">Jenkintown, Pennsylvania</a>. In 2012, during the brief <a href="Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy</a> Jenkintown encampment, protesters symbolically rechristened the Jenkintown Town Square as "Benjamin Lay Plaza".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

In 2018, the <a href="Pennsylvania_Historical_and_Museum_Commission" title="Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission">Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission</a> erected a historical marker in Abington commemorating Lay.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> On April 21, 2018, Abington Friends Meeting unveiled a grave marker for Benjamin and Sarah Lay in its graveyard.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

Four Quaker meetings disowned Lay for his inconvenient campaigning. In 2018, Southern East Anglia Area Meeting, part of Britain Yearly Meeting, became the last of the four to "undisown" him. The others were Abington Monthly Meeting and Philadelphia Yearly Meeting in the US and North London Area Meeting in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

The Benjamin Lay room at <a href="Friends_House" title="Friends House">Friends House</a>, London, UK, is named after him.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

<a href="The_Fearless_Benjamin_Lay%3A_The_Quaker_Dwarf_Who_Became_the_First_Revolutionary_Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fearless Benjamin Lay: The Quaker Dwarf Who Became the First Revolutionary Abolitionist">The Fearless Benjamin Lay: The Quaker Dwarf Who Became the First Revolutionary Abolitionist</a> is a book about Lay written by <a href="Marcus_Rediker" title="Marcus Rediker">Marcus Rediker</a> and published by <a href="Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a> on September 1, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The Return of Benjamin Lay, a play by <a href="Naomi_Wallace" title="Naomi Wallace">Naomi Wallace</a> and Redicker, starring <a href="Mark_Povinelli" title="Mark Povinelli">Mark Povinelli</a>, opened in London in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The production will be mounted in Philadelphia in May 2025.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12024/N03401/N03401.html">All Slave-Keepers That Keep the Innocent in Bondage, Apostates</a>. Philadelphia: Benjamin Franklin. 1737.</cite><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_Tryon" title="Thomas Tryon">Thomas Tryon</a>, one of Benjamin Lay's influences; in the Williams painting, Lay is holding a copy of one of Tryon's works<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_abolitionist_forerunners" title="List of abolitionist forerunners">List of abolitionist forerunners</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/66038906/">"All slave-keepers that keep the innocent in bondage"</a>. <a href="Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Retrieved December 22, 2024. <q>All slave-keepers that keep the innocent in bondage : apostates pretending to lay claim to the pure & holy Christian religion, of what congregation so ever, but especially in their ministers, by whose example the filthy leprosy and apostacy is spread far and near : it is a notorious sin which many of the true Friends of Christ and his pure truth, called Quakers, has been for many years and still are concern'd to write and bear testimony against as a practice so gross & hurtful to religion, and destructive to government beyond what words can set forth, or can be declared of by men or angels, and yet lived in by ministers and magistrates in America</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRediker2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="Marcus_Rediker" title="Marcus Rediker">Rediker, Marcus</a> (August 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/12/opinion/sunday/youll-never-be-as-radical-as-this-18th-century-quaker-dwarf.html">"You'll Never Be as Radical as This 18th-Century Quaker Dwarf"</a>. <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Rediker2017-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rediker2017_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rediker2017_3-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFRediker2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Marcus_Rediker" title="Marcus Rediker">Rediker, Marcus</a> (September 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f7wvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">"Chapter 1: Early Life"</a>. The Fearless Benjamin Lay: The Quaker Dwarf who Became the First Revolutionary Abolitionist. <a href="Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8070-3592-4</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRediker2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Marcus_Rediker" title="Marcus Rediker">Rediker, Marcus</a> (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/quaker-comet-greatest-abolitionist-never-heard-180964401/">"The 'Quaker Comet' Was the Greatest Abolitionist You've Never Heard Of"</a>. <a href="Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a>. 48 (5).</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFArchbold1892" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Archbold, William Arthur Jobson (1892). <a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Lay,_Benjamin">"Lay, Benjamin" </a>. In <a href="Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <a href="Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. 32. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Rediker_2017-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rediker_2017_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rediker_2017_6-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFRediker,_Marcus2017" class="citation web cs1">Rediker, Marcus (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/quaker-comet-greatest-abolitionist-never-heard-180964401/">"The "Quaker Comet" Was the Greatest Abolitionist You've Never Heard Of"</a>. Smithsonian.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Rediker_114-116-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rediker_114-116_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rediker_114-116_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rediker_114-116_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rediker_114-116_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rediker_114-116_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rediker_114-116_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rediker_114-116_7-6">g</a> <cite id="CITEREFRediker2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Marcus_Rediker" title="Marcus Rediker">Rediker, Marcus</a> (September 5, 2017). The Fearless Benjamin Lay: The Quaker Dwarf who Became the First Revolutionary Abolitionist. <a href="Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. pp. 114–116. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8070-3592-4</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRediker2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Marcus_Rediker" title="Marcus Rediker">Rediker, Marcus</a> (September 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f7wvDwAAQBAJ&q=%22He+made+honey+a+staple+of+his+diet%22+%22he+ate+only+fruits+and+vegetables%2C+drank+only+milk+and+water%3B+he+was+a+strict+vegetarian+and+very+nearly+a+vegan+two+centuries+before+the+word+was+invented.%22&pg=PA115">The Fearless Benjamin Lay: The Quaker Dwarf who Became the First Revolutionary Abolitionist</a>. <a href="Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. p. 115. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8070-3592-4</bdi>. <q>He made honey a staple of his diet ... he ate only fruits and vegetables, drank only milk and water; he was a strict vegetarian and very nearly a vegan two centuries before the word was invented.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Lepore_2008-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lepore_2008_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lepore_2008_9-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFLepore2008" class="citation book cs1">Lepore, Jill (2008). These Truths: A History of the United States. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0393635249</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quaker.org.uk/news-and-events/news/another-step-towards-tackling-racism">"Another step towards tackling racism"</a>. Quakers. Retrieved June 8, 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFleming2001" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Maria (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CrNOhrFuDXgC&pg=PA33">A Place at the Table: Struggles for Equality in America</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-515036-0</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rHvTAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA220">"Early Anti-Slavery Advocates"</a>. The Friend. XXIX (28). Philadelphia: 220. March 1856.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJackson2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Maurice_Jackson" title="Maurice Jackson">Jackson, Maurice</a> (August 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_b0QwpkS5MC&pg=PA49">Let This Voice Be Heard: Anthony Benezet, Father of Atlantic Abolitionism</a>. <a href="University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. p. 49. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780812221268</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://occupyjenkintown.weebly.com/index.html">"occupy jenkintown"</a>. occupy jenkintown. Retrieved October 17, 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKatishi_Maake2018" class="citation news cs1">Katishi Maake (April 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2018/04/02/16-new-state-historical-markers-approved-by-the-Pennsylvania-Historical-and-Museum-Commission/stories/201803300146">"16 new state historical markers approved by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved April 3, 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422110046/http://www.abingtonmeeting.org/events/grave-marker-unveiling-benjamin-sarah-lay/">"Grave Marker Unveiling – Benjamin and Sarah Lay"</a>. Abingtonmeeting.org. Archived from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2018.</cite>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2018" class="citation news cs1">Holmes, Kristin (April 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/news/quakers-benjamin-lay-dwarf-abolitionist-slavery-abington-friends-meeting-20180419.html">"Cast out by the Quakers, Abington's abolitionist dwarf finally has his day"</a>. The Inquirer. Retrieved May 19, 2018.</cite></li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHardy2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hardy, Rebecca (December 7, 2018). "Benjamin Lay 'undisowned' by four Meetings". The Friend.</cite>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFRigby2018" class="citation news cs1">Rigby, Nic (December 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-46334955">"Slavery 'blood' protester re-embraced"</a>. Retrieved May 31, 2019.</cite></li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.friendshouse.co.uk/meeting-rooms/">"Meeting Rooms"</a>. Friends House. Retrieved January 3, 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780807035924">"The Fearless Benjamin Lay: The Quaker Dwarf Who Became the First Revolutionary Abolitionist by Marcus Rediker"</a>. <a href="Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a>. June 26, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925120645/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780807035924">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/marcus-rediker/the-fearless-benjamin-lay/">"The Fearless Benjamin Lay the Quaker Dwarf Who Became the First Revolutionary Abolitionist by Marcus Rediker"</a>. Kirkus Reviews. July 1, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925120655/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/marcus-rediker/the-fearless-benjamin-lay/">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLapointe2020" class="citation web cs1">Lapointe, Grace (December 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookriot.com/disability-history-books/">"5 of the Best Introductory U.S. Disability History Books"</a>. Book Riot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925120654/https://bookriot.com/disability-history-books/">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finboroughtheatre.co.uk/production/the-return-of-benjamin-lay/">"The Return of Benjamin Lay"</a>. Finborough Theatre. Retrieved October 24, 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quintessencetheatre.org/thereturnofbenjaminlay">"The Return of Benjamin Lay"</a>. Quintessence Theatre Group. Retrieved October 24, 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWills2017" class="citation web cs1">Wills, Matthew (November 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/benjamin-lay-the-radical-quaker-comet/">"Benjamin Lay: The Radical "Quaker Comet""</a>. JSTOR Daily. Retrieved March 22, 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.79.171">"Benjamin Lay"</a>. National Portrait Gallery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223232508/http://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.79.171">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2021.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rHvTAAAAMAAJ">"Account of the life of Benjamin Lay, one of the early antislavery advocates"</a>. The Friend: A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal. XXIX (23, 25–29): 180, 196, 204–05, 212, 220, 229–30. 1856.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAllan1832" class="citation book cs1">Allan, William (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcXtF_oFOPUC">An American Biographical and Historical Dictionary, containing an Account of the Lives, Characters, and Writings of the most eminent Persons in North America from its first settlement, and a summary of the History of the several colonies and of the United States</a> (2nd ed.). Boston. pp. 518–519.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBeckWellsChalkley1888" class="citation book cs1">Beck, W.; Wells, W. F.; Chalkley, H. G. (1888). "Benjamin Lay. Born 1677—died 1759—aged eighty-two years". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q80YAAAAYAAJ">Biographical Catalogue, being an Account of the Lives of Friends and others whose Portraits are in the London Friends' Institute. Also descriptive Notices of Friends' Schools and Institutions of which the Gallery contains Illustrations</a>. London: Friends' Institute. pp. 418–422.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/6766/1/Vol.%2023%20No%201-2%20-%201926.pdf">"Benjamin Lay"</a> (PDF). The Journal of the Friends' Historical Society. XXIII (1/2): 60–61. 1926.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBernet,_Claus2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bernet, Claus (2001). "Benjamin Lay". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbkl.de/l/lay_b">Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)</a> (in German). Vol. 19. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 875–880. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-88309-089-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Certificate for Benjamin Lay from Colchester Monthly Meeting, dated 12mo. 4, 1731, and addressed to Philadelphia Monthly Meeting". The Friend: A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal. LIII: 135. 1879.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChild1842" class="citation book cs1">Child, Lydia Maria Francis (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzJHAQAAMAAJ">Memoir of Benjamin Lay, Compiled from Various Sources</a>. New York: American Anti-Slavery Society.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDuyckinckDuyckinck1856" class="citation book cs1">Duyckinck, Evert Augustus; Duyckinck, George Long (1856). "Biographical Anecdote of Benjamin Lay". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrYxAQAAMAAJ">Cyclopaedia of American literature embracing personal and critical notices of authors, and selections from their writings, from the earliest period to the present day, with Portraits, Autographs, and other Illustrations</a>. Vol. I. Philadelphia: Rutter. pp. 279–280.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHunt1833" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, John (1833). Comly, John; Comly, Isaac (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0rAQAAAAIAAJ">"Notices of Benjamin Lay"</a>. Friends Miscellany. Being a Collection of Essays and Fragments, Biographical Religious Epistolary, Narrative and Historical. Designed for the Promotion of Piety and Virtue to Preserve in Remembrance the Characters and Views of Exemplary Individuals, and to Rescue from Oblivion Those Manuscripts, Left by Them Which May be Useful to Survivors. VII. Philadelphia: J. Richards: 274–276.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHunt1925" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, John (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/6765/1/Vol.%2022%20No.%201-4%20-%201925.pdf">"Anecdotes of Benjamin Lay"</a> (PDF). Journal of Friends' Historical Society. XXII: 72–75.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKashatus1985" class="citation journal cs1">Kashatus, William C. (1985). "Abington's Fiery Little Abolitionist". Old York Road Historical Society Bulletin. XLV: 35–39.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKogan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kogan, Nathaniel Smith (August 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18061%2Fdsq.v36i3.5135">"Aberrations in the Body and in the Body Politic: The Eighteenth-Century Life of Benjamin Lay, Disabled Abolitionist"</a>. Disability Studies Quarterly. 36 (3). The Ohio State University Libraries. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18061%2Fdsq.v36i3.5135">10.18061/dsq.v36i3.5135</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-8371">2159-8371</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1">"Lay, Benjamin (1677–1759)". Pennsylvania Biographical Dictionary. Vol. I. Wilmington. 1998. pp. 31–33.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPerry1985" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Marvin (1985). "Benjamin Lay". In Whitman, Alden (ed.). American Reformers. New York: H.W. Wilson. pp. 514–515.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRediker2017" class="citation book cs1">Rediker, Marcus (2017). <a href="The_Fearless_Benjamin_Lay%3A_The_Quaker_Dwarf_Who_Became_the_First_Revolutionary_Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fearless Benjamin Lay: The Quaker Dwarf Who Became the First Revolutionary Abolitionist">The Fearless Benjamin Lay: The Quaker Dwarf Who Became the First Revolutionary Abolitionist</a>. Boston: Beacon Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8070-3592-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRosier1999" class="citation book cs1">Rosier, Paul (1999). "Benjamin Lay". In Garraty, John; Carnes, Mark (eds.). American National Biography. Vol. XIII. New York. pp. 305–307.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRowntree1936" class="citation journal cs1">Rowntree, C. Brightwen (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sas.ac.uk/fhs/article/view/4230">"Benjamin Lay (1681–1759) of Colchester, London, Barbados, Philadelphia"</a>. The Journal of the Friends' Historical Society. XXXIII: 3–19.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRush1815" class="citation journal cs1">Rush, Benjamin (1815). "Biographical Anecdotes of Benjamin Lay". The Annual Monitor, or, New Letter-Case and Memorandum Book. I. York.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSkidmore2000" class="citation book cs1">Skidmore, Gil (2000). "Benjamin Lay. 1683–1759". Dear friends and bretheren. 25 short biographies of Quaker men. Reading: Sowle Press. pp. 19–21.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Janet_Stevenson" title="Janet Stevenson">Stevenson, Janet Marshall</a> (1969). Pioneers in Freedom: Adventures in Courage. Chicago: Reilly & Lee Books.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2023" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Astra (Spring 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/freedom/paradise-all">"A Paradise for All: The relentless radicalism of Benjamin Lay"</a>. Lapham's Quarterly. XV (1).</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVaux1815" class="citation book cs1">Vaux, Roberts (1815). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FDNfAAAAcAAJ">Memoirs of the lives of Benjamin Lay and Ralph Sandiford, two of the earliest public advocates for the emancipation of the enslaved Africans</a>. Philadelphia: Solomon W. Conrad.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://benjaminlay.org">https://benjaminlay.org</a> contains an online edition of Benjamin Lay's 1738 book, All Slave-Keepers: Apostates!</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRigby2018" class="citation news cs1">Rigby, Nic (February 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-42640782">"Benjamin Lay: The Quaker dwarf who fought slavery"</a>. <a href="BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBankard" class="citation web cs1">Bankard, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100511205525/http://www1.phillyburbs.com/undergroundrailroad/lay.shtml">"The Story of Benjamin Lay (includes physical description)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.phillyburbs.com/undergroundrailroad/lay.shtml">the original</a> on May 11, 2010.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCole1968" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, Wilford P. (1968). "Henry Dawkins and the Quaker Comet". <a href="Winterthur_Portfolio" title="Winterthur Portfolio">Winterthur Portfolio</a>. 4: 34–46. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F495772">10.1086/495772</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1180484">1180484</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162270807">162270807</a>.</cite> Text on Lay (13 pages)</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Quakers73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Quakers73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Quakers" title="List of Quakers">Individuals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_Allen_(English_Quaker)" title="William Allen (English Quaker)">William Allen</a></li>

<li><a href="Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Barclay" title="Robert Barclay">Robert Barclay</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Benezet" title="Anthony Benezet">Anthony Benezet</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li>

<li><a href="Howard_Brinton" title="Howard Brinton">Howard Brinton</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Cadbury" title="John Cadbury">John Cadbury</a></li>

<li><a href="Levi_Coffin" title="Levi Coffin">Levi Coffin</a></li>

<li><a href="Anne_Conway_(philosopher)" title="Anne Conway (philosopher)">Anne Conway</a></li>

<li><a href="Susanna_Corder" title="Susanna Corder">Susanna Corder</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Dean" title="James Dean">James Dean</a></li>

<li><a href="Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a></li>

<li><a href="Joshua_Evans_(Quaker_minister)" title="Joshua Evans (Quaker minister)">Joshua Evans</a></li>

<li><a href="Margaret_Fell" title="Margaret Fell">Margaret Fell</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a></li>

<li><a href="Elizabeth_Fry" title="Elizabeth Fry">Elizabeth Fry</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_John_Gurney" title="Joseph John Gurney">Joseph John Gurney</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruth_Harrison" title="Ruth Harrison">Ruth Harrison</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Heath" title="Carl Heath">Carl Heath</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Hicks" title="Edward Hicks">Edward Hicks</a></li>

<li><a href="Elias_Hicks" title="Elias Hicks">Elias Hicks</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Hodgkin" title="Henry Hodgkin">Henry Hodgkin</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></li>

<li><a href="Rufus_Jones_(writer)" title="Rufus Jones (writer)">Rufus Jones</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Raymond_Kelly_(Quaker_mystic)" title="Thomas Raymond Kelly (Quaker mystic)">Thomas R. Kelly</a></li>

<li><a href="Zephaniah_Kingsley" title="Zephaniah Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</a></li>

<li><a href="Dave_Matthews" title="Dave Matthews">Dave Matthews</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Nayler" title="James Nayler">James Nayler</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li>

<li><a href="Parker_Palmer" title="Parker Palmer">Parker Palmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Pleasants" title="Robert Pleasants">Robert Pleasants</a></li>

<li><a href="Betsy_Ross" title="Betsy Ross">Betsy Ross</a></li>

<li><a href="Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Coffin_Starbuck" title="Mary Coffin Starbuck">Mary Coffin Starbuck</a></li>

<li><a href="Jessamyn_West_(writer)" title="Jessamyn West (writer)">Jessamyn West</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Wilbur_(Quaker_minister)" title="John Wilbur (Quaker minister)">John Wilbur</a></li>

<li><a href="Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Woolman" title="John Woolman">John Woolman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Yearly_Meeting" title="Yearly Meeting">Yearly Meeting</a></li>

<li><a href="Monthly_meeting" title="Monthly meeting">Monthly Meeting</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="A_Quaker_Action_Group" title="A Quaker Action Group">A Quaker Action Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Britain Yearly Meeting</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends" title="Central Yearly Meeting of Friends">Central Yearly Meeting of Friends</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservative_Friends" title="Conservative Friends">Conservative Friends</a></li>

<li><a href="Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a></li>

<li><a href="Friends_Committee_on_National_Legislation" title="Friends Committee on National Legislation">Friends Committee on National Legislation</a></li>

<li><a href="Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a></li>

<li><a href="Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a></li>

<li><a href="Nontheist_Quakers" title="Nontheist Quakers">Nontheist Quakers</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaker_Council_for_European_Affairs" title="Quaker Council for European Affairs">Quaker Council for European Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Quaker Peace and Social Witness</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaker_United_Nations_Office" title="Quaker United Nations Office">Quaker United Nations Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Quakerism_in_Sichuan" title="Quakerism in Sichuan">Szechwan Yearly Meeting</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Gathering_of_Young_Friends" title="World Gathering of Young Friends">World Gathering of Young Friends</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testimonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Peace</a></li>

<li><a href="Testimony_of_equality" title="Testimony of equality">Equality</a></li>

<li><a href="Testimony_of_integrity" title="Testimony of integrity">Integrity ("Truth")</a></li>

<li><a href="Testimony_of_simplicity" title="Testimony of simplicity">Simplicity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Quakers_in_North_America" title="Quakers in North America">North America</a></li>

<li><a href="Quakers_in_Latin_America" title="Quakers in Latin America">Latin America</a></li>

<li><a href="Quakers_in_Europe" title="Quakers in Europe">Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Quakers_in_Africa" title="Quakers in Africa">Africa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Quaker_businesses%2C_organizations_and_charities" title="List of Quaker businesses, organizations and charities">Businesses, organizations and charities</a></li>

<li><a href="Quakers_in_science" title="Quakers in science">Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Clerk_(Quaker)" title="Clerk (Quaker)">Clerk</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaker_decision-making" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker decision-making">Decision Making</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_of_Discipline_(Quaker)" title="Book of Discipline (Quaker)">Faith and Practice or Book of Discipline</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Quakers" title="History of the Quakers">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Experiment" title="Holy Experiment">Holy Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Homosexuality_and_Quakerism" title="Homosexuality and Quakerism">Homosexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Inward_light" title="Inward light">Inward light</a></li>

<li><a href="Friends_meeting_house" title="Friends meeting house">Meeting houses</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_perfection#Quaker_teaching" title="Christian perfection">Perfectionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_(Quaker)" title="Query (Quaker)">Query</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Friends_schools" title="List of Friends schools">Schools</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaker_Tapestry" title="Quaker Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Wedding</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaker_views_on_women" title="Quaker views on women">Women</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_American_Friends_Service_Committee_Nobel_nominees" title="List of American Friends Service Committee Nobel nominees">AFSC Nobel nominees</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349497#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1133" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349497#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1133" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000037376600">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/10279805">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/241271">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxkrXbpmfQTB9dTWb68C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/104273402">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88140088">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/227508882">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6086z81">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/f300e8f8-483d-4f37-b139-2d814c696f14">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-07" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Benjamin_Lay&oldid=1304709177">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>